Glossary
Automation components, sensors and drives glossary
Definitions of the building blocks of industrial automation — controllers, I/O, platforms and components — and of sensors and measurement, process instrumentation and analytical measurement, pneumatics and hydraulics, and motion control and drives from servo axes to frequency converters. Every entry shows the German term and explains how the component is selected, integrated and documented.
Automation fundamentals, platforms and components
Acknowledgment (alarm)
ISA-18.2 / IEC 62682German: Quittierung
In alarm management, an acknowledgment is the operator action that confirms an alarm has been noticed. Acknowledging changes the alarm state, for example stopping the flashing or horn, but it does not remove the cause of the alarm.
Automation components · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesActuator
German: Stellglied
In industrial automation, an actuator is a device that converts a control signal into a physical action, such as motion, force, a valve position or heat input. Motors, pneumatic cylinders, control valves and heaters are typical actuators.
Automation components
Definition and examplesApache Kafka
German: Apache Kafka
In software engineering, Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform maintained by the Apache Software Foundation. Producers write records to topics, which are stored as partitioned, replicated logs that consumers read at their own pace.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesAssembler (programming)
German: Assembler
In programming, assembler refers to a low-level language whose mnemonic instructions map almost one-to-one to a processor's machine code, and to the program that translates this language into machine code.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAutomatic control
German: Automatische Steuerung
In industrial automation, automatic control is the operation of a process or machine by a control system without continuous human intervention, using programmed logic or control loops to act on measured or commanded values.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAutomatic identification (Auto-ID)
German: Automatische Identifikation (Auto-ID)
In industrial automation and logistics, automatic identification (Auto-ID) is the group of technologies that identify objects and capture their data without manual entry, such as barcodes, 2D codes, RFID and machine vision.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAutomation
German: Automatisierung
In engineering, automation is the use of control systems, machines and software to perform tasks with reduced or no human intervention. Industrial automation applies this to manufacturing and process plants.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAutomation pyramid
German: Automatisierungspyramide
In industrial automation, the automation pyramid is a layered model of plant IT and OT, commonly shown as field level, control level, supervisory level, operations management (MES) and enterprise level (ERP). It is related to the functional hierarchy of ISA-95 / IEC 62264.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAutomation system
German: Automatisierungssystem
In industrial automation, an automation system is the combination of hardware and software, such as controllers, I/O, networks, HMIs and engineering tools, that monitors and controls a machine or process.
Automation components
Definition and examplesAvailability
IEC 60050-192German: Verfügbarkeit
In dependability engineering, availability is the ability of an item to be in a state to perform as required when needed. It is often expressed as the fraction of time an item is operable, for example from mean time between failures and mean time to repair.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesBACnet
ASHRAE 135 / ISO 16484-5German: BACnet
In building automation, BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a data communication protocol standardized as ANSI/ASHRAE 135 and ISO 16484-5. It models devices as collections of standard objects and properties that other devices can read, write and subscribe to.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesBlack channel
IEC 61784-3German: Black Channel
In functional safety communication, the black channel principle means that safety data is transmitted over a standard communication system whose reliability is not relied upon. The safety layers at both ends detect transmission errors such as corruption, loss, delay, repetition and wrong addressing.
Automation components · Functional safety · Standards
Definition and examplesBuffer (data)
German: Puffer
In computing and automation, a buffer is a memory area that holds data temporarily while it is transferred between processes, devices or systems that work at different speeds or times.
Automation components
Definition and examplesBuilding automation
ISO 16484German: Gebäudeautomation
In building services engineering, building automation is the automatic monitoring, control and optimization of building systems such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, shading and access control. ISO 16484 covers building automation and control systems (BACS).
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesComputer-aided design (CAD)
German: CAD
In engineering, computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of software to create, modify and document 2D drawings and 3D models of parts, assemblies, electrical systems and plants.
Automation components
Definition and examplesCompensating controls
IEC 62443-3-3German: Ersatzmaßnahmen
In OT security, compensating controls are alternative security measures used when a component cannot meet a security requirement itself, for example network segmentation or monitoring for a legacy controller that cannot be patched. IEC 62443 uses the term compensating countermeasure.
Automation components · OT security · Standards
Definition and examplesConstant (programming)
IEC 61131-3German: Konstante
In programming, a constant is a named value that cannot be changed while the program runs. In IEC 61131-3, constants are declared with the CONSTANT qualifier, for example in a VAR CONSTANT section, or written as literals.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesContinuous process
German: Kontinuierlicher Prozess
In process engineering, a continuous process is a production process in which materials flow in and products flow out without interruption over long periods, for example in refining, power generation or paper making.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesControl (automation)
German: Steuerung
In automation, control is the purposeful influencing of a process or machine by a control system so that it behaves as required. Depending on whether measured values are fed back, it is realized as open-loop or closed-loop control.
Automation components
Definition and examplesControl circuit
IEC 60204-1German: Steuerstromkreis
In electrical equipment of machines, a control circuit is a circuit used for the operational control of the machine and for the protection of the power circuits, as distinct from the power circuit that supplies motors and other loads.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesControl deviation
IEC 60050-351German: Regelabweichung
In closed-loop control, the control deviation is the difference between the setpoint (reference variable) and the actual value of the controlled variable. The controller acts on this difference to reduce it.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesControl hierarchy
German: Steuerungshierarchie
In industrial automation, a control hierarchy is the arrangement of control functions in levels, where higher levels set goals, recipes or setpoints and lower levels execute them in real time.
Automation components
Definition and examplesControl level
German: Steuerungsebene
In the automation pyramid, the control level is the layer of controllers, such as PLCs, motion controllers and DCS controllers, that read field signals and execute the control logic in real time. It corresponds roughly to level 1 and parts of level 2 of ISA-95.
Automation components
Definition and examplesCoordinate system (robotics)
ISO 9787German: Koordinatensystem
In robotics and motion control, a coordinate system is a reference frame used to describe positions and orientations, such as the world, base, flange, tool and workpiece coordinate systems defined in ISO 9787.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesCritical infrastructure
German: Kritische Infrastrukturen (KRITIS)
In security policy, critical infrastructure refers to organizations and facilities, such as energy, water, health, transport and food supply, whose failure or disruption would cause serious supply shortages or threats to public safety. In the EU, NIS2 and the Critical Entities Resilience Directive set obligations for such entities.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesCycle (PLC)
German: Zyklus
In PLC programming, a cycle is one complete pass of a cyclic task: reading the inputs into the process image, executing the program and writing the outputs. The time this takes is the cycle time.
Automation components
Definition and examplesDATE_AND_TIME (data type)
IEC 61131-3German: DATE_AND_TIME
In IEC 61131-3, DATE_AND_TIME (short form DT) is an elementary data type that holds a calendar date and time of day in one value. The standard also defines LDT for long date and time with higher resolution.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesDead time
IEC 60050-351German: Totzeit
In control engineering, dead time is the interval between a change of an input to a system and the start of the system's response, typically caused by transport of material or signals.
Automation components · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examples- Working term
Decentralized periphery (distributed I/O)
German: Dezentrale Peripherie
In industrial automation, decentralized periphery (distributed I/O) means input and output modules installed close to the sensors and actuators in the field and connected to the controller over a fieldbus or industrial Ethernet, instead of wiring every signal back to the control cabinet.
Automation components
Definition and examples Delay
German: Verzögerung
In automation, a delay is a deliberate or inherent time interval between a cause and its effect, such as a programmed timer between a signal and an output, or the time a signal needs to pass through a system.
Automation components
Definition and examplesDeterminism
German: Determinismus
In real-time systems and industrial communication, determinism is the property that actions or messages occur within a guaranteed, predictable time bound, so the worst-case response time is known.
Automation components
Definition and examplesDisplay
German: Display
In industrial automation, a display is an output device that shows information, such as values, status messages or graphics, to operators, from simple segment displays on devices to touch screens of operator panels.
Automation components
Definition and examplesDisturbance variable
IEC 60050-351German: Störgröße
In control engineering, a disturbance variable is an external quantity that acts on the controlled system and changes the controlled variable in an unwanted way, and that the controller does not set.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesDowntime
German: Stillstandszeit
In operations and maintenance, downtime is the period during which a machine or system is not operating, divided into planned downtime (maintenance, changeovers) and unplanned downtime (failures, disturbances).
Automation components
Definition and examplesEfficiency (energy conversion)
German: Wirkungsgrad
In engineering, efficiency is the ratio of useful output power or energy to input power or energy of a device or system, usually given as a percentage or a value between 0 and 1.
Automation components
Definition and examplesEncryption
German: Verschlüsselung
In information security, encryption is the transformation of data into a form that can only be read with the matching key, protecting its confidentiality in transit or at rest.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examples- Working term
End-of-life (EOL) support period
German: Supportzeitraum bis End of Life (EOL)
In product lifecycle management, the end-of-life (EOL) support period is the time during which a manufacturer still provides spare parts, repairs, firmware updates or security fixes for a product after it is discontinued, until support ends completely.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examples Energy efficiency
ISO 50001German: Energieeffizienz
In engineering and energy management, energy efficiency is the ratio of useful output, such as products, services or performance, to the energy input needed to achieve it. ISO 50001 provides a framework for energy management systems.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesEnterprise level
German: Unternehmensebene
In the automation pyramid, the enterprise level is the top layer, where business systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) handle planning, orders, procurement and finance. It corresponds to level 4 of ISA-95 / IEC 62264.
Automation components
Definition and examplesEnvironmental conditions
IEC 60721German: Umgebungsbedingungen
In engineering, environmental conditions are the physical and chemical conditions to which equipment is exposed during storage, transport and operation, such as temperature, humidity, vibration, shock, dust, corrosive atmospheres and altitude. IEC 60721 classifies them.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesExplosion protection
IEC 60079German: Explosionsschutz
In safety engineering, explosion protection covers the measures that prevent explosions in potentially explosive atmospheres of gas, vapor or dust, or limit their effects. It includes avoiding explosive atmospheres, avoiding ignition sources and using equipment with suitable types of protection.
Automation components · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesFeedback (control engineering)
German: Rückführung
In control engineering, feedback is the return of a measured output value of a system to the controller, where it is compared with the setpoint to determine the corrective action. Feedback is what makes control closed-loop.
Automation components
Definition and examplesFeedforward (control)
German: Vorsteuerung
In control engineering, feedforward is a control action calculated from the setpoint or a measured disturbance and applied directly to the manipulated variable, before the effect shows up in the controlled variable.
Automation components
Definition and examplesField level
German: Feldebene
In the automation pyramid, the field level is the lowest layer, containing sensors, actuators, field devices and I/O that interact directly with the physical process. It corresponds roughly to levels 0 and 1 of ISA-95 / IEC 62264.
Automation components
Definition and examplesForced-guided contacts
IEC 61810-3German: Zwangsgeführte Kontakte
In safety engineering, forced-guided contacts are relay or contactor contacts that are mechanically linked so that normally open and normally closed contacts can never be closed at the same time, even if one contact welds. This allows a welded contact to be detected via the opposite contact.
Automation components · Functional safety · Standards
Definition and examplesFunction (FC)
IEC 61131-3German: Funktion (FC)
In IEC 61131-3, a function is a program organization unit that returns a result based only on its inputs and has no memory between calls. "FC" is the abbreviation used in Siemens SIMATIC for this block type.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesGaia-X
German: Gaia-X
In data infrastructure, Gaia-X is a European initiative, organized through the Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud AISBL, that defines rules, standards and trust mechanisms for federated, sovereign data sharing and cloud services.
Automation components
Definition and examplesGeographic information system (GIS)
German: Geografisches Informationssystem (GIS)
In information technology, a geographic information system (GIS) is software that captures, stores, analyzes and displays data linked to locations on the earth's surface.
Automation components
Definition and examplesGit
German: Git
In software engineering, Git is an open-source distributed version control system that records changes to files as commits, supports branching and merging, and gives every clone a full copy of the history.
Automation components
Definition and examples- Working term
Head of automation technology
German: Leiter Automatisierungstechnik
In manufacturing organizations, the head of automation technology is the manager responsible for automation engineering, typically including control system standards, PLC and HMI software, electrical design and the automation team.
Automation components
Definition and examples Heat dissipation
German: Wärmeabfuhr
In electrical and electronic engineering, heat dissipation is the removal of heat produced by power losses in components, by conduction, convection or radiation, so that devices stay within their permitted temperature range.
Automation components
Definition and examplesHexadecimal
German: Hexadezimal
In computing, hexadecimal is the base-16 number system, using the digits 0–9 and A–F. One hexadecimal digit represents four bits, so it is used as a compact notation for binary values, addresses and status words.
Automation components
Definition and examplesHot swap
German: Hot-Swap
In automation and computing, hot swap is the replacement of a module or component while the system is powered and running, without shutting down the rest of the system.
Automation components
Definition and examplesHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
RFC 9110German: HTTP
In networking, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer request/response protocol used by web browsers, web servers and APIs. HTTPS is HTTP secured with TLS. Its semantics are specified in RFC 9110.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesIndustrial PC (IPC)
German: Industrie-PC (IPC)
In industrial automation, an industrial PC (IPC) is a PC-based computer built for industrial environments, with extended temperature range, resistance to vibration and dust, long availability and industrial interfaces. It runs HMI, SCADA, edge or soft PLC software.
Automation components
Definition and examplesInitialization
German: Initialisierung
In programming and automation, initialization is the assignment of defined starting values to variables, devices or systems before normal operation begins, for example at power-up, controller startup or first call of a block.
Automation components
Definition and examplesINT (data type)
IEC 61131-3German: INT
In IEC 61131-3, INT is the elementary data type for a signed 16-bit integer with a value range of −32,768 to 32,767. Related types are SINT, DINT and LINT (8, 32 and 64 bits) and the unsigned UINT variants.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesDC link (intermediate circuit)
German: Zwischenkreis
In power electronics, the DC link (intermediate circuit) is the DC voltage stage of a frequency converter or servo drive between the rectifier and the inverter, usually buffered by capacitors.
Automation components
Definition and examplesInteroperability
German: Interoperabilität
In engineering and IT, interoperability is the ability of systems or components from different sources to exchange information and use it correctly, based on shared protocols, data models and semantics.
Automation components
Definition and examplesIntralogistics
German: Intralogistik
In logistics, intralogistics covers the organization, control and execution of material flows within a company's site, such as receiving, storage, picking, internal transport and shipping.
Automation components
Definition and examplesLonWorks
ISO/IEC 14908German: LonWorks
In building automation, LonWorks is a networking platform based on the LonTalk protocol, originally developed by Echelon and standardized as ISO/IEC 14908 (also ANSI/CTA-709.1). Devices exchange standardized network variables over twisted pair, power line or IP.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesIP code (degree of protection)
IEC 60529German: IP-Schutzart
In electrical engineering, the IP code defined in IEC 60529 states the degree of protection an enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts, ingress of solid foreign objects (first digit) and ingress of water (second digit), for example IP65.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesJavaScript
ECMA-262German: JavaScript
In software engineering, JavaScript is a high-level programming language standardized as ECMAScript (ECMA-262). It runs in web browsers and, via runtimes such as Node.js, on servers and edge devices.
Automation components
Definition and examplesJSON
RFC 8259 / ECMA-404German: JSON
In data exchange, JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight text format for structured data made of objects (name/value pairs), arrays, strings, numbers, booleans and null. It is specified in RFC 8259 and ECMA-404.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesLegacy system
German: Legacy-Systeme
In IT and automation, a legacy system is an older system that is still in use but is based on outdated technology, is no longer or only partly supported by its manufacturer, or is hard to change and integrate.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesLicense management
German: Lizenzmanagement
In software engineering and IT operations, license management is the process of tracking, assigning and complying with the licenses of software used or delivered, including commercial licenses, runtime licenses and open-source licenses.
Automation components
Definition and examplesLinux
German: Linux
In computing, Linux is an open-source operating system kernel; Linux distributions combine it with system software and are widely used on servers, industrial PCs, edge devices and embedded systems.
Automation components
Definition and examplesLogic (control)
German: Logik
In automation, logic refers to the rules that link input signals to outputs, commonly Boolean operations such as AND, OR and NOT combined with timers, counters and sequences, implemented in hardware or in a controller program.
Automation components
Definition and examplesLOGO! (Siemens logic module)
German: LOGO!
In industrial automation, LOGO! is a compact logic module product line from Siemens for small control tasks, programmed with graphical function blocks or ladder logic in the vendor's software or, for simple programs, directly on the device.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesMaintainability
IEC 60050-192German: Instandhaltbarkeit
In dependability engineering, maintainability is the ability of an item to be retained in, or restored to, a state in which it can perform as required, under given conditions of use and maintenance.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesManipulated variable
IEC 60050-351German: Stellgröße
In closed-loop control, the manipulated variable is the quantity that the controller changes to influence the controlled variable, such as a valve position, heater power or motor speed setpoint.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examples- Working term
Marker (bit memory)
German: Merker
In PLC programming, a marker (bit memory, German "Merker") is a global memory area of the controller used to store intermediate results and states, addressed for example as M10.0 in Siemens SIMATIC. Other vendors speak of internal relays, flags or memory bits.
Automation components
Definition and examples Memory (RAM)
German: Arbeitsspeicher
In computing and PLCs, memory (RAM, main or work memory) is the fast, usually volatile memory in which a processor holds the program parts and data it is currently executing. In PLCs, the work memory holds the runtime-relevant code and data.
Automation components
Definition and examplesMITRE ATT&CK for ICS
German: MITRE ATT&CK für ICS
In OT security, MITRE ATT&CK for ICS is a publicly available knowledge base maintained by MITRE that describes tactics and techniques adversaries use against industrial control systems, based on observed attacks.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesMnemonic
German: Mnemonik
In programming, a mnemonic is a short symbolic abbreviation for an instruction or operand, such as LD, AND or ST in instruction list, or I and Q for inputs and outputs. PLC tools often offer language-specific mnemonic sets, for example German (E, A) and international (I, Q).
Automation components
Definition and examplesModel-based design
German: Model-Based Design
In control and embedded software engineering, model-based design is a development approach in which executable models of the system and controller are used for specification, simulation, testing and automatic code generation.
Automation components
Definition and examplesModularity
German: Modularität
In engineering, modularity is the degree to which a system is built from separable units (modules) with defined interfaces, which can be developed, tested, replaced or combined independently.
Automation components
Definition and examplesModule Type Package (MTP)
VDI/VDE/NAMUR 2658German: Module Type Package (MTP)
In process automation, the Module Type Package (MTP) is a vendor-neutral description of the automation interface of a process equipment assembly (module), covering its HMI, services, parameters and communication, specified in the VDI/VDE/NAMUR 2658 series. A process orchestration layer imports MTPs to integrate modules.
Automation components · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesMulti-core architecture
German: Multi-Core-Architektur
In computing, a multi-core architecture is a processor design with two or more independent processing cores on one chip, which can execute tasks in parallel.
Automation components
Definition and examplesMulticast
German: Multicast
In networking, multicast is the transmission of a message from one sender to a group of receivers at the same time, where the network delivers copies only to members that have joined the group.
Automation components
Definition and examplesMultitasking
German: Multitasking
In computing and PLCs, multitasking is the ability to manage several tasks concurrently, with a scheduler deciding which task runs when, based on priorities, cycles or events. IEC 61131-3 lets programs be assigned to tasks with intervals or triggering events and priorities.
Automation components
Definition and examplesNear-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
German: NIR-Spektroskopie
In process analytics, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a measurement method that analyzes how a sample absorbs near-infrared light to determine properties such as moisture, composition or concentration, often inline and without sample preparation.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesNoise suppression (electrical)
German: Störunterdrückung
In electrical engineering, noise suppression is the set of measures that reduce electromagnetic interference and signal noise, such as shielding, grounding, filtering, cable separation and suppression components on inductive loads.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOffset
German: Offset
In automation, an offset is a constant displacement from a reference: in measurement and control, a constant deviation of a signal or controlled variable from its true or desired value; in addressing, the distance of a data element from the start of a memory area or data block.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOn-delay (TON)
IEC 61131-3German: Einschaltverzögerung
In IEC 61131-3, an on-delay is a timer function (standard function block TON) whose output becomes true only after its input has been true continuously for the preset time; the output resets immediately when the input becomes false.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesOne-cable technology
German: Ein-Kabel-Technologie
In drive technology, one-cable technology is a connection concept in which motor power and encoder feedback signals are carried in a single hybrid cable between servo drive and motor, instead of separate power and feedback cables.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOnline mode
German: Online-Modus
In PLC engineering, online mode is the state in which the engineering tool is connected to a running controller and can monitor variables, compare programs, force values or download changes.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOperand
German: Operand
In programming, an operand is the value, variable or address on which an instruction or operator acts, for example the input I 0.1 in an AND instruction or the variable Speed in the expression Speed * 2.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOperating system (OS)
German: Betriebssystem (OS)
In computing, an operating system (OS) is the system software that manages hardware resources, schedules tasks and provides services to application programs. In automation, examples range from real-time operating systems in controllers to Windows and Linux on industrial PCs.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOptocoupler
German: Optokoppler
In electronics, an optocoupler is a component that transmits a signal between two electrically isolated circuits using light, typically an LED and a photodetector in one package.
Automation components
Definition and examplesOvervoltage protection
German: Überspannungsschutz
In electrical engineering, overvoltage protection is the set of measures and devices, such as surge protective devices (SPDs), that limit transient overvoltages caused by lightning or switching operations to values the equipment can withstand.
Automation components
Definition and examplesPackML (ISA-TR88.00.02)
ISA-TR88.00.02German: PackML (ISA-TR88)
In packaging and discrete automation, PackML is an implementation guideline, published by ISA as ISA-TR88.00.02, for a standard machine state model, operating modes and data tags (PackTags). It is based on ISA-88 concepts and is promoted by OMAC.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesParallelism
German: Parallelität
In automation and software engineering, parallelism is the simultaneous execution of several computations or control sequences, either on multiple processor cores or devices, or as parallel branches of one sequence. It differs from concurrency, where tasks only interleave on shared resources.
Automation components
Definition and examplesParity
German: Parität
In data communication and storage, parity is a simple error-detection method that adds a bit (or block) so that the number of 1 bits becomes even or odd. The receiver recalculates it and detects single-bit errors, but cannot correct them or detect every multi-bit error.
Automation components
Definition and examplesProcess analytical technology (PAT)
FDA PAT Guidance (2004)German: Prozessanalytische Technologie (PAT)
In pharmaceutical and process manufacturing, process analytical technology (PAT) is a system for designing, analyzing and controlling manufacturing through timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process materials and processes, with the goal of ensuring final product quality. The term was established by the US FDA's 2004 PAT guidance.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesPetri net
ISO/IEC 15909-1German: Petrinetze
In systems engineering and automation, a Petri net is a mathematical and graphical modeling language for discrete, concurrent systems, made of places, transitions, directed arcs and tokens. A transition fires when all its input places hold enough tokens, moving tokens to its output places.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesPITmode (Pilz)
German: PITmode
PITmode is a product family by Pilz for safe operating mode selection combined with access permission: users authenticate with an RFID transponder key and select the machine's operating mode, such as automatic, setup or service mode, according to their authorization.
Automation components · Vendor product · Functional safety
Definition and examplesPointer
IEC 61131-3German: Pointer
In programming, a pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable instead of a value. In IEC 61131-3 (3rd edition) the typed equivalent is a reference declared with REF_TO; many PLC environments also offer vendor-specific POINTER TO types.
Automation components
Definition and examplesPragma
IEC 61131-3German: Pragma
In IEC 61131-3 programming, a pragma is an instruction to the programming tool or compiler, written in curly braces, that does not change the program's logic semantics but controls how it is compiled, displayed or exported. Pragma content is implementation-specific.
Automation components
Definition and examplesProcess automation
German: Prozessautomatisierung
In industrial automation, process automation is the automation of continuous and batch processes in which materials are transformed chemically, physically or biologically, as in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, oil and gas, water or energy. It typically relies on distributed control systems, closed-loop control of process variables and batch control.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesProcess gain
German: Prozessverstärkung
In control engineering, process gain is the ratio of the steady-state change of a process variable to the change of the manipulated variable that caused it. Together with dead time and time constant it characterizes the process dynamics used for controller tuning.
Automation components
Definition and examplesProcess image
German: Prozessabbild
In PLC technology, the process image is a memory area in which the controller stores a consistent snapshot of all input signals at the start of a scan cycle and collects all output values, which it writes to the physical outputs at the end of the cycle.
Automation components
Definition and examplesProcess mining
IEEE 1849German: Process Mining
In data analysis, process mining is a family of techniques that reconstruct, check and improve real processes from event logs recorded by IT systems, each event carrying at least a case ID, an activity and a timestamp. It covers process discovery, conformance checking and enhancement.
Automation components · AI
Definition and examplesProcess variable
German: Prozessgröße
In control engineering, a process variable (PV) is a measured physical quantity of a process, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level or speed, that is monitored or controlled. In a closed control loop, the controller compares the PV with the setpoint and adjusts the manipulated variable.
Automation components
Definition and examplesProtective conductor (PE)
IEC 60204-1German: Schutzleiter (PE)
In electrical installations and machinery, a protective conductor (PE) is a conductor provided for purposes of safety, in particular protection against electric shock, that connects exposed conductive parts to the protective earthing system so that a fault current trips the protective device. It is identified by the green-and-yellow color combination.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesProtective door
ISO 14120German: Schutztür
In machine safety, a protective door is a movable guard, hinged or sliding, that closes an access opening to a hazard zone. It is normally interlocked so that hazardous machine functions cannot operate while it is open, and may additionally be locked while hazards persist.
Automation components · Functional safety
Definition and examplesPython
German: Python
Python is a general-purpose, interpreted, open-source programming language maintained by the Python Software Foundation. In automation it is used for test automation, data analysis, machine learning, scripting of engineering tools, edge applications and communication with controllers, but rarely for hard real-time control.
Automation components · AI
Definition and examplesR Series (MELSEC iQ-R)
German: R-Serie
The MELSEC iQ-R Series is a modular PLC and automation controller platform by Mitsubishi Electric, with CPU modules for sequence, motion, process, safety and C-language control on a common backplane, engineered with the GX Works3 software.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesRAID (redundant array of independent disks)
German: RAID-Systeme
In IT and industrial computing, RAID (redundant array of independent disks) combines several drives into one logical unit to improve availability, performance or both, using striping, mirroring and parity. Common levels are RAID 0 (striping, no redundancy), RAID 1 (mirroring), RAID 5 and 6 (parity) and RAID 10.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRaman spectroscopy (PAT)
German: Raman-Spektroskopie (PAT)
In process analytics, Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopy method that measures the inelastic scattering of monochromatic laser light to identify and quantify substances. As a process analytical technology (PAT) tool, it measures composition in-line or at-line through probes, often without sampling.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesRAMI 4.0
DIN SPEC 91345 / IEC PAS 63088German: RAMI 4.0
RAMI 4.0 (Reference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0) is a three-dimensional reference model that locates Industry 4.0 assets and technologies along three axes: layers (asset, integration, communication, information, functional, business), life cycle and value stream, and hierarchy levels derived from IEC 62264 and IEC 61512.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesRaspberry Pi
German: Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a family of low-cost single-board computers and compute modules developed by Raspberry Pi Ltd, typically running Linux. In automation it is used for prototypes, training, gateways and edge devices, and in industrial variants built by third parties around its compute modules.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesready2_pilot (KUKA)
German: ready2_pilot
ready2_pilot is a KUKA product for teaching industrial robots by hand guiding: an operator moves the robot with a handheld 6D input device mounted on the robot tool, and the motions are transferred to the robot controller as program points that can then be edited.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesReal-time system
German: Echtzeitsystem
In automation and computing, a real-time system is a system whose correct behavior depends not only on the logical result of a computation but also on the time at which the result is produced. Hard real-time systems must meet every deadline; soft real-time systems tolerate occasional misses with degraded quality.
Automation components
Definition and examplesBall screw
German: Kugelumlaufspindel
In mechanical engineering, a ball screw (recirculating ball screw) is a linear actuator element that converts rotary motion into linear motion with low friction: balls roll between the threaded shaft and the nut and are returned through a recirculation channel.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRecursion
German: Rekursion
In programming, recursion is a technique in which a function or procedure calls itself, directly or indirectly, to solve a problem by reducing it to smaller instances of the same problem until a base case is reached.
Automation components
Definition and examplesReflector
German: Reflektor
In sensor technology, a reflector is a passive optical element, usually a retroreflector with prism or microprism structure, that returns the light beam of a retroreflective photoelectric sensor or light barrier back toward the emitter, so that interruption of the beam can be detected.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRegenerative operation
German: Generatorischer Betrieb
In electric drive technology, regenerative operation is the operating state in which an electric machine works as a generator, for example when braking or lowering a load, and converts mechanical energy back into electrical energy that flows into the drive's DC link or the supply.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRegister
German: Register
In computing and industrial communication, a register is a small, addressable storage location of fixed width. In processors it holds operands and results; in protocols such as Modbus, registers are 16-bit data locations (holding registers, input registers) through which devices exchange values.
Automation components
Definition and examplesReliability
IEC 60050-192German: Zuverlässigkeit
In dependability engineering, reliability is the ability of an item to perform as required, without failure, for a given time interval, under given conditions. It is often quantified by measures such as failure rate, mean time to failure (MTTF) or mean time between failures (MTBF).
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesReproducibility
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Reproduzierbarkeit
In metrology, reproducibility is the closeness of agreement between measurement results obtained on the same or similar objects under reproducibility conditions, that is, with different locations, operators, measuring systems or times. More broadly in engineering, it means that a result or process can be repeated by others with the same outcome.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesREST API
German: REST-API
In software engineering, a REST API is an application programming interface that follows the REST (Representational State Transfer) architectural style: resources are identified by URLs and manipulated with standard HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT and DELETE, typically exchanging JSON, with stateless requests.
Automation components
Definition and examplesCogging torque
German: Rastmoment
In electric motors, cogging torque is the torque ripple produced by the interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotor and the slots or teeth of the stator, present even when no current flows. In stepper motors, the corresponding holding torque without current is called detent torque.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRetrofit
German: Retrofit
In industrial automation, a retrofit is the modernization of an existing machine or plant by replacing or adding components, such as controllers, drives, HMIs, sensors or networks, to extend its service life, add functions or replace obsolete parts, while keeping the mechanical base.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRate of change (ROC)
German: ROC
In process control and monitoring, rate of change (ROC) is the change of a signal per unit of time, such as degrees per minute. ROC values are used for rate-of-change alarms, ramp limiting and detecting sensor faults or process upsets before absolute limits are reached.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesRoHS
Directive 2011/65/EUGerman: RoHS
RoHS is the EU Directive 2011/65/EU on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. It limits substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, certain brominated flame retardants and, since Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863, four phthalates, subject to listed exemptions.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesRotary table
German: Rundtakttisch
In manufacturing automation, a rotary table (rotary indexing table) is a turntable that moves workpieces in fixed angular steps between stations arranged around it, so that loading, processing and unloading take place in parallel at different stations.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRotor
German: Rotor
In electrical machines, the rotor is the rotating part that interacts with the magnetic field of the stator to produce torque (in a motor) or voltage (in a generator). Depending on the machine type, it carries a squirrel-cage winding, a wound winding or permanent magnets.
Automation components
Definition and examplesRS-485
TIA-485-AGerman: RS-485
RS-485 (TIA/EIA-485) is an electrical interface standard for balanced, differential serial transmission over twisted-pair cable, supporting multiple drivers and receivers on one bus line. It defines only the physical layer; protocols such as Modbus RTU and PROFIBUS DP use it.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesRx (receive)
German: Rx
In data communication, Rx is the common abbreviation for "receive" or the receive line or channel of an interface, as opposed to Tx for "transmit". It labels receive pins, LEDs, counters and signals on serial ports, network interfaces and radio modules.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSampling time
German: Abtastzeit
In digital control and measurement, the sampling time is the interval between two successive acquisitions of a signal value. It determines which signal dynamics can be captured and, in digital controllers, how often the control algorithm is executed.
Automation components
Definition and examplesScalability
German: Skalierbarkeit
In systems and software engineering, scalability is the ability of a system to handle growing workloads, such as more devices, data, users or production lines, by adding resources, without redesign and with acceptable performance.
Automation components
Definition and examplesScaling
German: Skalierung
In automation, scaling is the linear or nonlinear conversion of a raw signal value, such as ADC counts or a 4–20 mA current, into a value in engineering units, such as bar or °C, and the reverse conversion for outputs.
Automation components
Definition and examplesScan cycle
German: Zykluszeit
In PLC technology, the scan cycle is the repeating sequence in which a controller reads its inputs into the process image, executes the user program, writes the outputs and performs system tasks. The cycle time (German: Zykluszeit) is the duration of one such cycle.
Automation components
Definition and examplesScripts
German: Skripte
In automation and IT, scripts are programs written in interpreted languages, such as Python, PowerShell, JavaScript or a tool's own script language, that automate tasks: generating code, configuring devices, running tests, processing data or extending HMI and SCADA behavior.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSet (bistable)
IEC 61131-3German: Setzen
In PLC programming, to set means to write a Boolean variable to TRUE and keep it TRUE until it is explicitly reset. IEC 61131-3 provides set coils in ladder diagram and the bistable function blocks SR (set-dominant) and RS (reset-dominant).
Automation components
Definition and examplesSetpoint
German: Sollwert
In control engineering, a setpoint (SP) is the desired value of a process variable that a controller tries to reach and maintain. The difference between setpoint and measured process variable is the control error.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSFC (sequential function chart)
IEC 61131-3German: SFC (Ablaufsprache)
In IEC 61131-3, the sequential function chart (SFC) is a graphical language element for structuring programs as sequences of steps and transitions, with actions associated to steps. It supports alternative and simultaneous branches and derives from GRAFCET (IEC 60848).
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesSIEM for OT
IEC 62443German: SIEM für OT
In industrial cybersecurity, SIEM for OT is the use of security information and event management systems to collect, correlate and analyze security-relevant events from operational technology, such as controllers, HMIs, firewalls, switches and OT intrusion detection sensors, together with IT events.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesSignal
German: Signal
In automation and measurement, a signal is a physical quantity, such as a voltage, current, pressure or light, or its digital representation, that carries information about a state or value. Signals are classified as analog or digital (binary), and as inputs or outputs from the controller's point of view.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSignaling device
German: Signalgeber
In automation, a signaling device (German: Signalgeber) is a device that emits a signal: either a transducer that produces an electrical signal from a physical event, such as a switch or sensor, or an optical or acoustic indicator, such as a stack light, beacon or horn, that informs people about machine states.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSign of life (heartbeat)
German: Lebenszeichen
In industrial communication, a sign of life (heartbeat) is a signal or counter that a device or program sends periodically so that its communication partner can detect whether it is still active and communicating. If the sign of life stops changing within a monitoring time, the partner reacts, for example by going to a safe state.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSMC (pneumatics manufacturer)
German: SMC
SMC Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of pneumatic and electric automation components, such as cylinders, valves, valve terminals, air preparation units, vacuum equipment, fittings and electric actuators.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesSpectroscopy
German: Spektroskopie
In analytics and process measurement, spectroscopy is the family of methods that analyze how matter absorbs, emits or scatters electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength, in order to identify substances or determine their concentration. Common process methods include UV-Vis, near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared and Raman spectroscopy.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesStandstill
German: Stillstand
In drive and machine technology, standstill is the state in which a moving part or axis has stopped, detected by speed or position falling below a defined threshold for a defined time. Standstill monitoring is used, for example, to release guard locking or to supervise a stopped axis.
Automation components · Functional safety
Definition and examplesStarting current
German: Anlaufstrom
In electric drive technology, starting current is the current an electric motor draws while accelerating from standstill. For induction motors started direct on line it is several times the rated current and falls as the motor reaches operating speed.
Automation components
Definition and examplesStator
German: Stator
In electrical machines, the stator is the stationary part, usually a laminated iron core with windings (or, in some machines, permanent magnets), that produces or carries the magnetic field acting on the rotor.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSteady state
German: Stationärer Zustand
In control engineering, the steady state is the condition of a system in which, after transient effects have died out, its variables no longer change over time for constant inputs. The remaining difference between setpoint and process variable in this state is the steady-state error.
Automation components
Definition and examples- Working term
Step chain
German: Schrittkette
In PLC programming, a step chain (German: Schrittkette) is a sequential control structure in which a process is divided into consecutive steps, only defined steps are active at a time, and a transition condition must be fulfilled to move from one step to the next.
Automation components
Definition and examples String (data type)
IEC 61131-3German: String
In programming, a string is a data type that holds a sequence of characters. IEC 61131-3 defines STRING for single-byte characters and WSTRING for double-byte characters; the maximum length can be declared, and the default length is implementation-dependent.
Automation components
Definition and examples- Working term
Stroke (machine cycle)
German: Takt
In manufacturing automation, a stroke or machine cycle (German: Takt) is one complete working cycle of an intermittently operating machine, such as one press stroke or one index step of an assembly line, after which the sequence repeats. The time for one cycle is the cycle time (German: Taktzeit).
Automation components
Definition and examples Struct
IEC 61131-3German: Struct
In IEC 61131-3, a struct (structure) is a derived data type declared with STRUCT … END_STRUCT that groups several named elements, possibly of different data types, into one unit.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSupervisory level
IEC 62264-1German: Leitebene
In the automation hierarchy, the supervisory level is the layer above the field and control levels where processes are monitored and supervised, typically with SCADA systems, HMIs, alarm management and historians. In the ISA-95 / IEC 62264 functional hierarchy it corresponds to level 2 (monitoring, supervisory and automated control).
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesSustainability
German: Nachhaltigkeit
In industrial engineering, sustainability is the design, operation and end-of-life handling of products and plants so that environmental, social and economic needs are met without compromising those of future generations, for example through energy efficiency, durability, reparability, material recovery and restricted hazardous substances.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSymbol
German: Symbol
In PLC programming, a symbol is a symbolic name assigned to an address, variable or constant, such as "Motor1_Run" for output %Q0.0, so that programs, HMIs and external clients can refer to data by name instead of by memory address. The collection of symbols forms the symbol table.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSynchronization
German: Synchronisation
In automation, synchronization is the coordination of processes, devices or axes so that they act in a defined time or position relationship: time synchronization of clocks, synchronized motion of axes (electronic gearing, cam), coordination of parallel program parts or consistency of replicated data.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTask
IEC 61131-3German: Task
In IEC 61131-3, a task is an execution control element that triggers the execution of programs or function blocks, either cyclically at a set interval or when an event occurs, with an assigned priority.
Automation components
Definition and examplesThermal management
German: Thermisches Management
In electrical and automation engineering, thermal management is the design and operation of measures that keep the temperatures of components, control cabinets and machines within permissible limits, such as heat dissipation calculation, ventilation, cooling units, heat sinks, derating and temperature monitoring.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTime constant
German: Zeitkonstante
In control engineering, the time constant (τ) of a first-order system is the time its output needs after a step input to reach about 63.2 % of its final change. After about five time constants, the response is practically complete.
Automation components
Definition and examples- Working term
Time element (timer)
IEC 61131-3German: Zeitglied
In control engineering, a time element (German: Zeitglied) is a function that delays or limits a signal in time. In PLC programming, IEC 61131-3 provides the standard timer function blocks TP (pulse), TON (on-delay) and TOF (off-delay); in relay technology, timing relays serve the same purpose.
Automation components
Definition and examples TOPJOB S (WAGO)
German: TOPJOB S
TOPJOB S is a product range of DIN-rail terminal blocks by WAGO that uses push-in spring clamp connection technology, allowing solid and ferruled conductors to be inserted without tools and fine-stranded conductors to be connected by opening the clamp with an operating tool.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesTopology
German: Topologie
In automation and communication networks, topology is the arrangement of nodes and connections in a network or system, such as line, star, ring, tree or mesh. It determines cabling, redundancy options, fault behavior and performance.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTransaction
German: Transaktion
In data processing, a transaction is a sequence of operations that is treated as one logical unit: either all operations take effect, or none of them does. Database transactions typically guarantee the ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability); in industrial communication, the term also describes a request-response exchange.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTransfer (material handling)
German: Transfer
In manufacturing automation, transfer is the movement of workpieces or workpiece carriers between stations of a machine or production line, performed by transfer systems such as conveyors, pallet systems, rotary tables, walking beams or robots.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTransformer (electrical)
IEC 61558German: Transformator
In electrical engineering, a transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits by electromagnetic induction, usually changing the voltage level. In machines, control transformers and isolating transformers supply control circuits at lower voltage and with galvanic separation.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTransient response
German: Übergangsverhalten
In control engineering, the transient response is the time behavior of a system between an initial state and a new steady state after a change of input, such as a setpoint step or a disturbance. It is characterized by values like rise time, overshoot, settling time and damping.
Automation components
Definition and examplesTransition (SFC)
IEC 61131-3German: Transition
In IEC 61131-3 sequential function charts, a transition is the element between steps with an associated Boolean transition condition. It is cleared (fires) when all preceding steps are active and the condition is TRUE, deactivating the preceding steps and activating the following ones.
Automation components
Definition and examplesUint
IEC 61131-3German: UINT
In IEC 61131-3, UINT is the elementary data type for a 16-bit unsigned integer, with a value range from 0 to 65535. Related unsigned types are USINT (8 bit), UDINT (32 bit) and ULINT (64 bit).
Automation components
Definition and examplesUnicast
German: Unicast
In network communication, unicast is the transmission of data from one sender to exactly one receiver, identified by its unique address. It contrasts with broadcast (to all nodes in a network segment) and multicast (to a group of subscribed receivers).
Automation components
Definition and examplesUpdate (software and firmware)
German: Update
In automation and IT, an update is the replacement of installed software, firmware or configuration by a newer version, to fix defects, close security vulnerabilities, add functions or maintain compatibility.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesUsability
ISO 9241-11German: Usability
According to ISO 9241-11, usability is the extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.
Automation components · Standards · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesVersion management
German: Versionsverwaltung
In software and systems engineering, version management is the practice and tooling for recording, identifying and controlling successive versions of files, such as source code, PLC projects, configurations and documents, so that every state can be traced, compared, restored and released in a defined way.
Automation components
Definition and examplesVibration damper
German: Schwingungsdämpfer
In mechanical engineering, a vibration damper is a component that reduces vibrations by dissipating vibration energy, for example through elastomer, hydraulic or friction elements, or isolates a machine or component from vibrations of its surroundings.
Automation components
Definition and examplesVirtual instrument (VI)
German: Virtuelles Instrument (VI)
In measurement and test engineering, a virtual instrument (VI) is software, combined with general-purpose computer and data acquisition hardware, that performs the functions of a traditional measuring instrument. In NI LabVIEW, every program or subroutine is called a VI and consists of a front panel and a block diagram.
Automation components · Vendor product
Definition and examplesVoltage
German: Spannung
In electrical engineering, voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V). In automation, typical voltages include mains and motor supply voltages, 24 V DC control voltage and signal voltages such as 0–10 V.
Automation components
Definition and examplesWatchdog
German: Watchdog
In automation and embedded systems, a watchdog is a timer-based monitoring function that must be retriggered regularly by the monitored program, processor or communication partner. If the retrigger does not arrive within the set time, the watchdog triggers a defined reaction, such as a controller stop, reset or switch to a safe state.
Automation components
Definition and examplesWeb server
German: Webserver
In automation, a web server is software, often integrated in PLCs, drives, gateways or network devices, that provides information and functions through HTTP or HTTPS, such as device diagnostics, parameterization, user-defined web pages or REST APIs, accessible with a standard browser.
Automation components · OT security
Definition and examplesWeighing technology
German: Wägetechnik
In industrial automation, weighing technology comprises the instruments and methods for determining mass, such as load cells, weighing modules, platform and belt scales, checkweighers and weighing electronics, and their integration into control systems for dosing, filling, batching and quality control.
Automation components · Process industry
Definition and examplesWhite Rabbit
IEEE 1588-2019German: White Rabbit
White Rabbit is a technology for sub-nanosecond time synchronization over Ethernet, originally developed at CERN, that extends the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) with synchronous Ethernet and precise phase measurement. Its concepts were standardized as the High Accuracy option in IEEE 1588-2019.
Automation components · Standards
Definition and examplesWireless I/O
German: Wireless I/O
In industrial automation, wireless I/O is the transmission of input and output signals between field devices and controllers over radio instead of cables, using technologies such as WirelessHART (IEC 62591), ISA100.11a (IEC 62734), IO-Link Wireless, Bluetooth or WLAN.
Automation components
Definition and examplesZero point
German: Nullpunkt
In automation and measurement, the zero point is the reference from which values are measured: the output of a sensor at zero measured quantity (zero offset), or, in motion control and CNC, the reference position of an axis or coordinate system, established by referencing (homing) or set as a workpiece zero.
Automation components
Definition and examplesSerial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
German: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
In embedded electronics, the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial bus in which a controller device exchanges data with one or more peripheral devices over a clock line, two data lines (MOSI, controller out/peripheral in, and MISO, controller in/peripheral out) and one chip select line per peripheral, typically to read and write registers of ICs on the same board.
Automation components
Definition and examplesUniversal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART)
German: UART
In embedded electronics, a universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) is a hardware interface that sends and receives serial data frames without a shared clock, each frame framed by a start bit, data bits, an optional parity bit and stop bits, at a baud rate agreed by both sides.
Automation components
Definition and examplesMicrocontroller (MCU)
German: Mikrocontroller
In embedded electronics, a microcontroller (MCU) is a single integrated circuit that combines a processor core, program and data memory and peripherals such as timers, analog-to-digital converters and serial interfaces, and runs the firmware that controls a device.
Automation components
Definition and examples
Sensors and measurement
Absolute encoder
German: Absolutwertgeber
In industrial automation, an absolute encoder is a position encoder that outputs a unique code for every position within its measuring range. The position is available immediately after power-up, without a reference run.
Sensors
Definition and examplesAccelerometer
German: Beschleunigungssensor
In measurement technology, an accelerometer is a sensor that measures acceleration along one or more axes and converts it into an electrical signal. Common principles are piezoelectric, piezoresistive and capacitive MEMS designs.
Sensors
Definition and examplesAccuracy
German: Genauigkeit
In sensor and instrument specifications, accuracy states how close the output of a sensor or instrument comes to the true value of the measured quantity, usually as a maximum error in percent of span, of the measured value or in engineering units.
Sensors
Definition and examplesCapacitive proximity sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Kapazitiver Näherungssensor
In industrial automation, a capacitive proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that detects objects by the change they cause in the capacitance of its sensing field. It detects metals as well as non-metals such as plastics, wood, liquids and bulk materials.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesCapacitive sensor
German: Kapazitiver Sensor
In measurement technology, a capacitive sensor is a sensor that converts a change in electrical capacitance into a signal. The capacitance changes with the distance between electrodes, their overlap or the dielectric material between them.
Sensors
Definition and examplesConductivity measurement
German: Leitfähigkeitsmessung
In process instrumentation, conductivity measurement determines the electrical conductivity of a liquid, usually in microsiemens or millisiemens per centimeter. Because conductivity depends on dissolved ions and temperature, results are normally referenced to 25 °C.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesConductivity sensor
German: Leitfähigkeitssensor
In process instrumentation, a conductivity sensor is a sensor that measures the electrical conductivity of a liquid, either with electrodes in contact with the medium or inductively with toroidal coils. Most conductivity sensors include a temperature sensor for compensation.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesContinuous level measurement
German: Kontinuierliche Füllstandmessung
In process instrumentation, continuous level measurement determines the level of a liquid or bulk solid over the whole measuring range and outputs it as a continuous value, for example in meters, percent or volume.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesCoriolis flow measurement
German: Coriolis-Durchflussmessung
In process instrumentation, Coriolis flow measurement is a method that determines mass flow directly from the Coriolis forces acting on vibrating measuring tubes through which the medium flows. The tube vibration frequency also yields the density of the medium.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesCoriolis flowmeter
German: Coriolis-Durchflussmesser
In process instrumentation, a Coriolis flowmeter is a flowmeter with one or more vibrating measuring tubes that measures mass flow from the phase shift caused by Coriolis forces, and density from the resonance frequency of the tubes.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesDifferential-pressure transmitter
German: Differenzdruckmessumformer
In process instrumentation, a differential-pressure transmitter is a transmitter that measures the difference between two pressures and outputs it as a standardized signal, typically 4–20 mA with HART or a fieldbus value.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesDiffuse-reflective photoelectric sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Lichttaster
In industrial automation, a diffuse-reflective photoelectric sensor is a photoelectric sensor with emitter and receiver in one housing that detects an object when light reflected by the object itself reaches the receiver. No separate reflector or receiver is needed.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesDisplacement measuring system
German: Wegmesssystem
In industrial automation, a displacement measuring system is the combination of sensor, scale or measuring element and evaluation electronics that determines a linear position or travel of a machine part and provides it to the controller.
Sensors
Definition and examplesDisplacement sensor
German: Wegsensor
In measurement technology, a displacement sensor is a sensor that measures the change in position of an object along a path, either with contact (for example potentiometric or LVDT) or without contact (for example laser, eddy-current or capacitive).
Sensors
Definition and examplesDistance sensor
German: Abstandssensor
In industrial automation, a distance sensor is a non-contact sensor that measures the distance between the sensor and a target and outputs it as an analog or digital value, using principles such as optical triangulation, time of flight, ultrasound or radar.
Sensors
Definition and examplesFlow sensor
German: Durchflusssensor
In automation and process instrumentation, a flow sensor is a sensor that detects or measures the flow of a liquid or gas through a pipe or channel, as volume flow, mass flow or flow velocity, or as a switching signal when flow is present.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesForce sensor
German: Kraftsensor
In measurement technology, a force sensor is a sensor that converts a mechanical force into an electrical signal, typically using strain gauges, piezoelectric elements or other elastic deformation principles.
Sensors
Definition and examplesHall-effect sensor
German: Hall-Sensor
In sensor technology, a Hall-effect sensor is a sensor that detects a magnetic field by the voltage that the field induces across a current-carrying semiconductor (the Hall effect). It is used as a switch or as a linear sensor for position, speed and current.
Sensors
Definition and examplesHumidity sensor
German: Feuchtesensor
In measurement technology, a humidity sensor is a sensor that measures the water vapor content of air or gases, usually as relative humidity or dew point, most commonly with a capacitive or resistive sensing element.
Sensors
Definition and examplesHysteresis
German: Hysterese
In measurement and control, hysteresis is the difference in the output of a sensor or switching device for the same input value, depending on whether the input is rising or falling. In switches, it is often deliberately designed in to prevent chattering.
Sensors
Definition and examplesIncremental encoder
German: Inkrementalgeber
In industrial automation, an incremental encoder is a position encoder that outputs a number of pulses per movement, usually as two phase-shifted signals A and B plus a reference pulse. The controller counts the pulses to determine position and direction.
Sensors
Definition and examplesInductive proximity sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Induktiver Näherungssensor
In industrial automation, an inductive proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that detects metal objects through the damping of a high-frequency alternating magnetic field generated at its sensing face.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesInductive sensor
German: Induktiver Sensor
In sensor technology, an inductive sensor is a sensor that uses changes in inductance or in an alternating magnetic field, caused by a metal target or a moving core, to detect presence or to measure position or displacement.
Sensors
Definition and examplesLaser sensor
IEC 60825-1German: Lasersensor
In industrial automation, a laser sensor is an optical sensor that uses a laser beam for detection or measurement, for example of presence, distance, displacement or profile, by triangulation, time of flight or beam interruption.
Sensors
Definition and examplesLevel sensor
German: Füllstandsensor
In process instrumentation, a level sensor is a sensor that detects or measures the level of liquids or bulk solids in a vessel, either as a point level (switching signal) or continuously over a range.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesLiDAR sensor
German: LiDAR-Sensor
In sensor technology, a LiDAR sensor (light detection and ranging) is a sensor that measures distances by emitting laser light and evaluating the reflected light, and scans the beam to capture a 2D or 3D point cloud of its surroundings.
Sensors
Definition and examplesLight barrier
German: Lichtschranke
In industrial automation, a light barrier is a photoelectric sensor that detects an object when it interrupts a light beam, either between a separate emitter and receiver (through-beam) or between the sensor and a reflector (retro-reflective).
Sensors
Definition and examplesLimit switch
IEC 60947-5-1German: Endschalter
In industrial automation, a limit switch is an electromechanical switch actuated by a moving machine part, usually through a plunger, roller or lever, that signals when a defined position or end of travel is reached.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesLinear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
German: Induktiver Wegaufnehmer (LVDT)
In measurement technology, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is an inductive displacement sensor with one primary and two secondary coils and a movable core; the position of the core changes the differential voltage of the secondary coils in proportion to the displacement.
Sensors
Definition and examplesLinearity
German: Linearität
In measurement technology, linearity describes how closely the characteristic curve of a sensor or instrument follows a straight line between input and output; the linearity error is the maximum deviation from that line, usually in percent of span.
Sensors
Definition and examplesLoad cell
OIML R 60German: Wägezelle
In weighing technology, a load cell is a force sensor designed for weighing that converts the weight force of a load into an electrical signal, most commonly with strain gauges bonded to an elastic body.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMagnetic flowmeter
German: Magnetisch-induktiver Durchflussmesser
In process instrumentation, a magnetic flowmeter is a flowmeter that measures the volume flow of electrically conductive liquids using Faraday's law of induction: the liquid moving through a magnetic field induces a voltage proportional to its velocity.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesMass flow meter
German: Massedurchflussmesser
In process instrumentation, a mass flow meter is a flowmeter that measures the mass of a medium flowing per unit of time, either directly, as with Coriolis or thermal meters, or by calculation from volume flow, density, pressure and temperature.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesMeasured value
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Messwert
In metrology, a measured value (measured quantity value) is a quantity value that represents a measurement result, consisting of a number and a unit. A complete measurement result also states its measurement uncertainty.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMeasurement accuracy
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Messgenauigkeit
In metrology, measurement accuracy is the closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and the true value of the measurand. It is a qualitative concept; quantitative statements use measurement error or measurement uncertainty.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMeasurement data acquisition (DAQ)
German: Messdatenerfassung (DAQ)
In measurement technology, measurement data acquisition (DAQ) is the sampling of sensor signals, their conversion into digital values and their recording with time information, using dedicated hardware and software or the inputs of a control system.
Sensors
Definition and examplesMeasurement range (application)
German: Messbereich
In instrument engineering, the measurement range of an application is the range of values of the measured quantity that a measuring point has to cover in the process, from the lowest to the highest expected value; it must lie within the measuring range of the selected instrument.
Sensors
Definition and examplesMeasurement uncertainty
JCGM 100 (GUM)German: Messunsicherheit
In metrology, measurement uncertainty is a non-negative parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the values reasonably attributed to the measurand, based on the information used. It is evaluated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMeasuring instrument
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Messgerät
In metrology, a measuring instrument is a device used for making measurements, alone or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices. In process plants, the term covers field instruments such as transmitters, analyzers and indicators.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMeasuring range
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Messbereich
In metrology, the measuring range (measuring interval) of an instrument is the set of values of quantities of the same kind that it can measure with specified instrumental uncertainty under defined conditions, bounded by a lower and an upper range value.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesMEMS sensor
German: MEMS-Sensor
In sensor technology, a MEMS sensor is a sensor built as a microelectromechanical system, with mechanical sensing structures and electronics manufactured on a semiconductor chip, for example for acceleration, angular rate, pressure or sound.
Sensors
Definition and examplesMessage window
German: Meldefenster
In human-machine interfaces (HMI), a message window is a screen area or pop-up that shows current alarms, warnings and operating messages with time, status and text, and lets the operator acknowledge them.
Sensors · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesOptical sensor
German: Optischer Sensor
In sensor technology, an optical sensor is a sensor that uses light, visible, infrared or ultraviolet, to detect objects or measure quantities such as distance, color, position, temperature or concentration.
Sensors
Definition and examplesOxygen sensor
German: Sauerstoffsensor
In process analytics, an oxygen sensor is a sensor that measures the oxygen concentration in gases or the dissolved oxygen in liquids, using principles such as zirconia, paramagnetic, electrochemical, optical or laser absorption measurement.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplespH sensor
German: pH-Sensor
In process analytics, a pH sensor is a sensor that measures the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution, usually with a glass electrode and a reference electrode whose potential difference depends on the hydrogen ion activity.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesPhotoelectric sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Lichtschranke
In industrial automation, a photoelectric sensor is a sensor that emits a light beam and detects objects by the change in received light, either by beam interruption (through-beam, retro-reflective) or by light reflected from the object (diffuse-reflective).
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesPoint level detection
German: Grenzstanderfassung
In process instrumentation, point level detection is the detection of whether a liquid or bulk solid has reached a defined height in a vessel or pipe, delivering a switching signal rather than a continuous value.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesPosition sensor
German: Positionssensor
In automation, a position sensor is a sensor that detects or measures the position of an object, either as a discrete position (for example end position reached) or as a continuous linear or angular position value.
Sensors
Definition and examplesPrecision
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Präzision
In metrology, precision (measurement precision) is the closeness of agreement between measured values obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions. It is expressed by measures of dispersion such as the standard deviation.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesPressure sensor
German: Drucksensor
In measurement technology, a pressure sensor is a sensor that measures the pressure of a gas or liquid, as gauge, absolute or differential pressure, and converts it into an electrical signal, commonly with piezoresistive, capacitive or thin-film strain-gauge elements.
Sensors
Definition and examplesProximity sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Näherungssensor
In industrial automation, a proximity sensor is a sensor that detects the presence of an object within its sensing range without physical contact, using inductive, capacitive, magnetic, photoelectric or ultrasonic principles.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesPyrometer
German: Pyrometer
In temperature measurement, a pyrometer is a non-contact instrument that determines the surface temperature of an object from the thermal radiation it emits, usually in the infrared range.
Sensors
Definition and examplesRadar sensor
German: Radarsensor
In industrial automation, a radar sensor is a sensor that emits electromagnetic waves in the microwave range and evaluates their reflection to measure distance, level, speed or presence of objects.
Sensors
Definition and examplesRepeatability
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Wiederholgenauigkeit
In metrology, repeatability is measurement precision under repeatability conditions: the same measurement procedure, operators, measuring system, operating conditions and location, with replicate measurements over a short period of time.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesResistance temperature detector (RTD)
IEC 60751German: Widerstandsthermometer (RTD)
In temperature measurement, a resistance temperature detector (RTD) is a sensor whose electrical resistance changes with temperature in a known way; the most common type is the platinum sensor Pt100 with 100 ohms at 0 °C, specified in IEC 60751.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesResolution
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Auflösung
In metrology, resolution is the smallest change in a measured quantity that causes a perceptible change in the corresponding indication. For digital systems, it is often given in bits or as the value of one digit or increment.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesResolver
German: Resolver
In motion control, a resolver is an electromagnetic rotary position sensor that works like a rotating transformer: an excited rotor winding induces sine and cosine signals in two stator windings, from which the evaluation electronics compute the absolute angle within one revolution.
Sensors
Definition and examplesRotary encoder
German: Drehgeber
In automation and motion control, a rotary encoder is a sensor that converts the angular position or movement of a shaft into electrical signals, either as pulses (incremental) or as a coded position value (absolute).
Sensors
Definition and examplesSensitivity
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Empfindlichkeit
In metrology, sensitivity is the quotient of the change in an indication of a measuring system and the corresponding change in the value of the quantity being measured, for example millivolts per newton.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesSensor
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Sensor
In measurement and automation, a sensor is the element of a measuring system that is directly affected by a phenomenon, body or substance carrying the quantity to be measured, and converts it into a signal that can be processed.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesSensor/actuator level
IEC 62264-1German: Sensor-Aktor-Ebene
In the automation pyramid, the sensor/actuator level is the lowest level, where sensors measure the process and actuators act on it; it corresponds roughly to level 0 and the device side of level 1 in the functional hierarchy of IEC 62264-1 (ISA-95).
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesSmart sensor
German: Intelligenter Sensor
In industrial automation, a smart sensor is a sensor with integrated electronics that processes its measurement, provides diagnostics and parameters and communicates digitally, for example via IO-Link, HART or a fieldbus.
Sensors
Definition and examplesSpan
German: Messspanne
In instrumentation, the span is the algebraic difference between the upper and lower range values of an instrument's set measuring range; for a transmitter set to −10 to 90 °C, the span is 100 K.
Sensors
Definition and examplesSteady-state accuracy
German: Stationäre Genauigkeit
In measurement and control, steady-state accuracy describes the remaining deviation between the output and the true or desired value once all transients have died out; in control loops, it corresponds to the steady-state control error.
Sensors
Definition and examplesStrain gauge
German: Dehnungsmessstreifen
In measurement technology, a strain gauge is a sensing element whose electrical resistance changes when it is stretched or compressed; bonded to a component, it measures the strain of the surface, usually in a Wheatstone bridge circuit.
Sensors
Definition and examplesTemperature sensor
German: Temperatursensor
In measurement technology, a temperature sensor is a sensor that measures temperature, either by contact, as with thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors and thermistors, or without contact, as with pyrometers and thermal imaging.
Sensors
Definition and examplesTensorFlow (industrial applications)
German: TensorFlow Industrial
In industrial AI, TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework originally developed by Google that is used to train models on sensor, image and process data and to run them on servers, industrial PCs or edge devices. The list term TensorFlow Industrial refers to such industrial use, not to a separate product edition.
Sensors · Vendor product · AI
Definition and examplesThermocouple
IEC 60584-1German: Thermoelement
In temperature measurement, a thermocouple is a temperature sensor made of two different metal conductors joined at the measuring point; the temperature difference between the measuring junction and the reference junction produces a small voltage (Seebeck effect). Common types such as K, J, N and S are specified in IEC 60584-1.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesThrough-beam photoelectric sensor
IEC 60947-5-2German: Einweglichtschranke
In industrial automation, a through-beam photoelectric sensor is a photoelectric sensor with separate emitter and receiver facing each other; it detects an object when the object interrupts the light beam between them.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesTorque sensor
German: Drehmomentsensor
In measurement technology, a torque sensor is a sensor that measures the torque acting on a shaft or joint, as rotating (dynamic) or reaction (static) torque, typically with strain gauges or magnetoelastic principles.
Sensors
Definition and examplesTransducer
JCGM 200 (VIM)German: Messumformer
In metrology, a transducer (measuring transducer) is a device used in measurement that provides an output quantity having a specified relation to the input quantity, for example a thermocouple converting temperature into voltage.
Sensors · Standards
Definition and examplesTransmitter
German: Messumformer
In process instrumentation, a transmitter is a device that converts the signal of a sensor into a standardized output signal, such as 4–20 mA, often with HART, or a fieldbus value, so that it can be transmitted to a control system.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesTurbidity sensor
German: Trübungssensor
In process analytics, a turbidity sensor is an optical sensor that measures the cloudiness of a liquid caused by suspended particles, usually by the light scattered at an angle or absorbed by the particles.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesTwo-wire transducer
German: Zweidraht-Messumformer
In instrumentation, a two-wire transducer is a measuring transducer that is connected with only two wires, through which it receives its power and transmits its signal, typically as a 4–20 mA current. The term is largely used as a synonym of two-wire transmitter.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examplesUltrasonic sensor
German: Ultraschallsensor
In industrial automation, an ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that emits sound pulses above the audible range and measures the time until the echo returns, to detect objects or measure distance and level without contact.
Sensors
Definition and examplesVacuum sensor
German: Vakuumsensor
In automation, a vacuum sensor is a pressure sensor that measures or monitors negative pressure relative to atmosphere or absolute pressure below atmospheric pressure, for example in vacuum gripper systems or process vacuum.
Sensors
Definition and examplesVibration sensor
German: Schwingungssensor
In condition monitoring, a vibration sensor is a sensor that measures the mechanical vibration of machines as acceleration, velocity or displacement, often providing a processed value such as the RMS vibration velocity.
Sensors
Definition and examplesVortex flowmeter
German: Wirbeldurchflussmesser
In process instrumentation, a vortex flowmeter is a flowmeter that measures volume flow from the frequency of vortices shed alternately behind a bluff body in the flow (Kármán vortex street), which is proportional to flow velocity within the operating range.
Sensors · Process industry
Definition and examples
Process instrumentation and analytical measurement
0–10 V signal
IEC 60381-2German: 0–10-V-Signal
In automation, a 0–10 V signal is a standardized analog voltage signal in which the measured or set value is represented by a DC voltage between 0 and 10 volts. It is common for short connections in machines and building automation.
Process instrumentation · Standards
Definition and examples4–20 mA current loop
IEC 60381-1German: 4–20-mA-Stromschleife
In process instrumentation, a 4–20 mA current loop is an analog signal circuit in which a measured or set value is represented by a DC current between 4 and 20 milliamperes; the live zero at 4 mA allows wire break detection and powering of two-wire devices.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesControl-valve sizing
IEC 60534-2-1German: Stellventilauslegung
In process engineering, control-valve sizing is the calculation of the required flow coefficient (Kv or Cv) of a control valve for the specified operating conditions, as the basis for selecting valve size, trim and characteristic.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesDead zero
German: Nullpunkt ohne Offset
In analog signal transmission, dead zero means that the lower range value of a signal is represented by zero current or voltage, as in 0–20 mA or 0–10 V signals, so a broken wire cannot be distinguished from the minimum value.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesEx i protection
IEC 60079-11German: Zündschutzart Ex i
In explosion protection, Ex i is the type of protection intrinsic safety, which limits the electrical and thermal energy in circuits so that neither sparks nor hot surfaces can ignite an explosive atmosphere. It is specified in IEC 60079-11 with the levels of protection ia, ib and ic.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesFour-wire transmitter
German: Vierleiter-Messumformer
In process instrumentation, a four-wire transmitter is a transmitter with separate pairs of wires for power supply and output signal, used when the device needs more power than a current loop can provide, for example analyzers or flowmeters with heated or excited sensors.
Process instrumentation · Process industry
Definition and examplesInstrument index
German: Messstellenverzeichnis
In process plant engineering, an instrument index is the controlled list of all measuring points, control loops and instruments of a plant, identified by tag number, with key data such as service, location, measuring range, signal type and references to data sheets and loop diagrams.
Process instrumentation · Process industry · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesIntrinsic safety
IEC 60079-11German: Eigensicherheit
In explosion protection, intrinsic safety is a type of protection based on restricting the electrical energy in equipment and interconnecting wiring exposed to an explosive atmosphere to a level below that which can cause ignition by sparking or heating effects.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesIntrinsically safe circuit
IEC 60079-11German: Eigensicherer Stromkreis
In explosion protection, an intrinsically safe circuit is a circuit in which any spark or thermal effect produced under the normal and specified fault conditions is incapable of causing ignition of a given explosive atmosphere.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesIsolation amplifier
German: Trennverstärker
In instrumentation, an isolation amplifier is a device that transfers an analog signal from input to output while galvanically isolating the two circuits, often also converting or amplifying the signal and, in explosion-protected versions, forming the associated apparatus of an intrinsically safe circuit.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesLive zero
German: Angehobener Nullpunkt
In analog signal transmission, live zero means that the lower range value of a signal is represented by a non-zero current or voltage, such as 4 mA in a 4–20 mA signal or 2 V in 2–10 V, so that a signal near zero indicates a fault rather than a valid value.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesLoop-powered transmitter
German: Schleifengespeister Messumformer
In process instrumentation, a loop-powered transmitter is a transmitter that draws its operating power from the 4–20 mA signal loop it controls, so no separate power supply is needed at the device.
Process instrumentation · Process industry
Definition and examplesNAMUR NE 43
NAMUR NE 43German: NAMUR NE 43
In process instrumentation, NAMUR NE 43 is a NAMUR recommendation that standardizes the signal levels of 4–20 mA transmitters for failure information, separating the range for measurement information (3.8 to 20.5 mA) from failure signals (at or below 3.6 mA, or at or above 21 mA).
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesNAMUR signal
IEC 60947-5-6German: NAMUR-Signal
In process instrumentation, a NAMUR signal is a two-wire DC interface for binary sensors in which the sensor changes its current consumption between defined low and high levels, typically below about 1.2 mA and above about 2.1 mA at a nominal 8.2 V supply, so that the switching amplifier can detect both switching states and line faults.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesOrifice plate
ISO 5167-2German: Blende
In flow measurement, an orifice plate is a differential-pressure primary element: a thin plate with a precisely machined hole installed in a pipe, which creates a pressure drop from which the flow rate is calculated according to ISO 5167.
Process instrumentation · Standards · Process industry
Definition and examplesSensor break
German: Sensorbruch
In instrumentation, a sensor break is a fault in which the sensing element or its connection is interrupted, for example a broken thermocouple or RTD wire, so that the transmitter or input can no longer deliver a valid measured value.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesShort-circuit detection
German: Kurzschlusserkennung
In automation and instrumentation, short-circuit detection is a diagnostic function of an input, output or switching amplifier that recognizes an unintended low-resistance connection in the signal line and reports it as a fault instead of a valid signal.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesSignal conditioner
German: Signalaufbereiter
In instrumentation, a signal conditioner is a device or module that converts a sensor or field signal into a form suitable for further processing, for example by amplifying, filtering, linearizing, isolating or converting it into a standard signal.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesSignal isolator
German: Signaltrenner
In instrumentation, a signal isolator is a device that galvanically separates the input and output circuits of an analog or digital signal while transferring the signal, to break ground loops, protect equipment and connect circuits at different potentials.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examplesThree-wire transmitter
German: Dreileiter-Messumformer
In instrumentation, a three-wire transmitter is a transmitter connected with three wires: supply voltage, common reference (0 V) and signal output, with the signal referenced to the common wire.
Process instrumentation · Process industry
Definition and examplesTwo-wire transmitter
German: Zweileiter-Messumformer
In process instrumentation, a two-wire transmitter is a transmitter that is connected with only two wires, which carry both its supply and its output signal; it regulates the loop current between 4 and 20 mA and operates on less than the 4 mA live zero.
Process instrumentation · Process industry
Definition and examplesValve positioner
German: Stellungsregler
In process automation, a valve positioner is a device mounted on a control valve actuator that compares the setpoint from the control system with the measured valve stem position and adjusts the actuator, usually pneumatically, until the valve reaches the required position.
Process instrumentation · Process industry
Definition and examplesWire break detection
German: Drahtbrucherkennung
In automation and instrumentation, wire break detection is a diagnostic function of an input, output or switching amplifier that recognizes an interrupted signal line and reports it as a fault instead of a valid signal value.
Process instrumentation
Definition and examples
Pneumatics and hydraulics
Cavitation
German: Kavitation
In hydraulics and fluid handling, cavitation is the formation and sudden collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid where the local pressure falls below the vapor pressure, typically at pump inlets, valves and restrictions, causing noise, vibration and erosion of surfaces.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesCheck valve
ISO 5598German: Rückschlagventil
In fluid power, a check valve is a valve that allows flow in one direction and blocks it in the opposite direction, typically by a ball, poppet or disk pressed onto a seat by a spring or by the reverse pressure.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesCompressed air
ISO 8573-1German: Druckluft
In industrial automation, compressed air is atmospheric air compressed to a pressure above ambient and used as an energy carrier for pneumatic drives and tools and as process air. ISO 8573-1 specifies purity classes for particles, water and oil in compressed air.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesCompressor
German: Kompressor
In pneumatics, a compressor is a machine that raises the pressure of air or another gas by reducing its volume, for example by pistons, rotating screws or dynamic impellers, to supply compressed air to a plant.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesDirectional control valve
ISO 5598German: Wegeventil
In fluid power, a directional control valve is a valve that opens, closes or changes the connections between its ports to start, stop or change the direction of flow, described by the number of ports and switching positions, for example 5/2 or 4/3.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesDouble-acting cylinder
ISO 5598German: Doppeltwirkender Zylinder
In fluid power, a double-acting cylinder is a cylinder in which fluid pressure can act on both sides of the piston, so it produces force and motion in both the extending and retracting directions.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesEnd-position cushioning
German: Endlagendämpfung
In fluid power, end-position cushioning is the deceleration of a cylinder's piston before it reaches the end of its stroke, achieved by elastic bumpers or by throttling the trapped air or oil through an adjustable or self-adjusting cushion.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesFilter-regulator-lubricator unit (FRL)
German: Wartungseinheit (FRL)
In pneumatics, a filter-regulator-lubricator unit (FRL) is an air preparation assembly at the machine inlet that filters compressed air, sets it to the working pressure and, where required, adds oil mist; modern units often combine it with a shut-off valve and soft-start valve.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesFitting (fluid power)
ISO 8434-1German: Verschraubung
In fluid power, a fitting is a connector that joins tubes, hoses and components in a leak-tight way, for example a push-in fitting in pneumatics or a compression (cutting-ring) fitting in hydraulics.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesFlow-control valve
ISO 5598German: Stromregelventil
In fluid power, a flow-control valve is a valve that controls the flow rate through a line and thus the speed of an actuator; pressure-compensated types keep the flow constant largely independent of load pressure.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesHose
German: Schlauch
In fluid power, a hose is a flexible line that carries hydraulic fluid or compressed air between components that move relative to each other or where rigid tubing is impractical; with fittings attached it forms a hose assembly with a defined pressure rating and service life.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesHydraulic cylinder
ISO 5598German: Hydraulikzylinder
In hydraulics, a hydraulic cylinder is a linear actuator in which pressurized hydraulic fluid acts on a piston to produce a linear force and motion.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesHydraulic fluid
German: Hydraulikflüssigkeit
In hydraulics, hydraulic fluid is the liquid that transmits power in a hydraulic system and also lubricates, cools and protects components; it is classified by type (for example mineral oil, fire-resistant or biodegradable fluids) and viscosity grade.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesHydraulic pump
ISO 5598German: Hydraulikpumpe
In hydraulics, a hydraulic pump is a positive-displacement machine, such as a gear, vane or piston pump, that converts mechanical energy from a motor into hydraulic energy by delivering fluid flow against the system pressure.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesHydraulics
ISO 4413German: Hydraulik
In engineering, hydraulics is the technology of transmitting and controlling power by means of a pressurized liquid, typically oil. ISO 4413 specifies general rules and safety requirements for hydraulic systems and their components in machinery.
Fluid power · Standards
Definition and examplesLeakage
German: Leckage
In fluid power, leakage is the unintended escape of fluid from a component or system, either externally to the surroundings or internally across seals and gaps between chambers, causing loss of energy, performance or control.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesPneumatic cylinder
ISO 15552German: Pneumatikzylinder
In pneumatics, a pneumatic cylinder is a linear actuator in which compressed air acts on a piston to produce linear force and motion. ISO 15552 standardizes mounting dimensions of a common cylinder type with detachable mountings.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesPneumatic valve
German: Pneumatikventil
In pneumatics, a pneumatic valve is a component that controls the direction, pressure or flow of compressed air in a pneumatic system, actuated manually, mechanically, pneumatically or electrically.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesPneumatics
ISO 4414German: Pneumatik
In engineering, pneumatics is the technology of transmitting and controlling power by means of compressed air or another gas. ISO 4414 specifies general rules and safety requirements for pneumatic systems and their components in machinery.
Fluid power · Standards
Definition and examplesPressure regulator
German: Druckregler
In fluid power, a pressure regulator is a valve that reduces the supply pressure to a set, largely constant outlet pressure regardless of changes in inlet pressure and flow.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesPressure switch
German: Druckschalter
In fluid power and process automation, a pressure switch is a device that changes the state of an electrical contact or output when the pressure of a fluid reaches a set value, often with adjustable switching point and hysteresis.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesPressure-relief valve
ISO 5598German: Druckbegrenzungsventil
In fluid power, a pressure-relief valve is a valve that limits the maximum pressure in a system or circuit by opening and diverting fluid to tank or atmosphere when the set pressure is reached.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesProportional valve
German: Proportionalventil
In fluid power, a proportional valve is a valve whose output, such as flow, pressure or direction and flow, changes continuously in proportion to an electrical input signal, typically via a proportional solenoid and often with integrated electronics.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesRodless cylinder
German: Kolbenstangenloser Zylinder
In pneumatics, a rodless cylinder is a linear actuator without a piston rod, in which the piston's motion is transmitted to an external carriage by a slotted barrel with sealing band or by magnetic coupling, so the stroke fits within the cylinder's length.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesServo valve
German: Servoventil
In hydraulics, a servo valve is a high-response, continuously operating control valve that converts a low-power electrical signal into a precisely proportional hydraulic flow or pressure, typically using a torque motor and a pilot stage, for closed-loop control.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesSingle-acting cylinder
ISO 5598German: Einfachwirkender Zylinder
In fluid power, a single-acting cylinder is a cylinder in which fluid pressure acts on one side of the piston only, producing force in one direction, while the return stroke is made by a spring, gravity or external force.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesSolenoid valve
German: Magnetventil
In fluid power and process automation, a solenoid valve is a valve actuated by an electromagnet (solenoid), either directly or through a pilot stage, to switch the flow of a gas or liquid on, off or between ports in response to an electrical signal.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesThrottle valve
German: Drosselventil
In fluid power, a throttle valve is a valve with an adjustable or fixed restriction that reduces flow; the resulting flow depends on the pressure difference across the valve and, in hydraulics, on the fluid's viscosity.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesVacuum ejector
German: Vakuumejektor
In pneumatics, a vacuum ejector is a vacuum generator without moving parts that uses the Venturi effect: compressed air flowing through a nozzle creates a vacuum at a suction port, used for example with suction cups for gripping.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesValve
ISO 5598German: Ventil
In fluid power and process engineering, a valve is a component that controls the direction, pressure or flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing flow paths.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesValve island
German: Ventilinsel
In pneumatics, a valve island is an assembly of several valves on a common manifold with shared supply and exhaust and a common electrical connection, often a fieldbus or industrial Ethernet interface with diagnostics.
Fluid power
Definition and examplesValve technology
German: Ventiltechnik
In fluid power and process engineering, valve technology is the field covering the design, selection, actuation, control and maintenance of valves for gases and liquids, from pneumatic and hydraulic valves to process valves.
Fluid power
Definition and examples
Motion control and drives
Adjustable-speed drive (ASD)
IEC 61800-2German: Drehzahlveränderbarer Antrieb
In industrial automation, an adjustable-speed drive (ASD) is a drive system whose motor speed can be set and changed during operation, typically by power electronics that control the voltage and frequency or current fed to the motor. IEC 61800 calls the complete arrangement an adjustable-speed electrical power drive system.
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examplesAxis (motion control)
German: Achse
In motion control, an axis is a single controlled degree of freedom of a machine, consisting of a drive, a motor, a feedback device and the mechanics that move a load along or around one direction. The controller commands the axis by position, velocity or torque.
Motion control
Definition and examplesAxis coupling
German: Achskopplung
In motion control, axis coupling is the functional link between two or more axes in which the motion of a slave axis is derived from the position or velocity of a master axis, for example by a gear ratio or a cam profile.
Motion control
Definition and examplesBrushless DC motor (BLDC)
German: Bürstenloser Gleichstrommotor (BLDC)
In electric drives, a brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a permanent-magnet motor in which the commutation of the stator windings is done electronically by a drive, using rotor position feedback or sensorless estimation, instead of by brushes and a mechanical commutator.
Motion control
Definition and examplesCircular interpolation
German: Kreisinterpolation
In motion control and CNC, circular interpolation is the coordinated control of two axes so that the tool or load moves along a circular arc, defined by start point, end point and either the center point or the radius.
Motion control
Definition and examplesCommutation
German: Kommutierung
In electric motors, commutation is the switching of current between the windings in step with the rotor position so that the motor produces continuous torque. It is done mechanically by brushes in DC motors and electronically by the drive in brushless motors.
Motion control
Definition and examplesCurrent loop
German: Stromregelkreis
In drive control, the current loop is the innermost control loop of a servo or vector drive: it compares the commanded motor current, which is proportional to torque, with the measured current and adjusts the output voltage accordingly.
Motion control
Definition and examplesDirect drive
German: Direktantrieb
In motion control, a direct drive is a drive arrangement in which the motor is connected to the load without a gearbox, belt or screw, so the motor's rotor or forcer moves the load directly. Torque motors and linear motors are typical direct drives.
Motion control
Definition and examplesDirect torque control (DTC)
German: Direkte Drehmomentregelung
In drive control, direct torque control (DTC) is a control method for AC motors that estimates stator flux and torque from measured currents and voltages and switches the inverter directly to keep both within hysteresis bands, without a separate current loop or modulator.
Motion control
Definition and examplesDriver (motor)
German: Treiber
In motion control, a driver is the power electronics stage that converts low-power command signals, such as step and direction pulses, into the currents that drive a motor's windings. The term is used especially for stepper motors and small drives.
Motion control
Definition and examples- Working term
Driverless transport system (DTS)
ISO 3691-4German: Fahrerloses Transportsystem (FTS)
In intralogistics, a driverless transport system (DTS) is a system of automated guided vehicles, their navigation and guidance infrastructure, a fleet control system and the interfaces to the plant, which moves materials without a driver. ISO 3691-4 sets safety requirements for driverless industrial trucks and their systems.
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examples Electronic cam
German: Elektronische Kurvenscheibe
In motion control, an electronic cam is an axis coupling in which the position of a slave axis follows a nonlinear profile defined as a function of the master axis position, replacing a mechanical cam disk.
Motion control
Definition and examplesElectronic gearing
German: Elektronisches Getriebe
In motion control, electronic gearing is an axis coupling in which a slave axis follows the position or velocity of a master axis with a fixed, programmable ratio, replacing a mechanical gearbox or line shaft.
Motion control
Definition and examplesEncoder
German: Drehgeber
In motion control, an encoder is a sensor that converts the position or motion of a shaft or linear scale into electrical signals, either as incremental pulses or as an absolute position value, for use as feedback by a drive or controller.
Motion control
Definition and examplesElectric motor
IEC 60034-1German: Motor
In industrial automation, an electric motor is a rotating or linear electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. IEC 60034 covers rotating electrical machines, including their ratings and performance.
Motion control · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesField-oriented control (FOC)
German: Feldorientierte Regelung
In drive control, field-oriented control (FOC) is a control method for AC motors that transforms the stator currents into a rotating coordinate system aligned with the rotor flux and controls the flux-producing and torque-producing current components separately.
Motion control
Definition and examplesForward kinematics
German: Vorwärtskinematik
In robotics and motion control, forward kinematics is the calculation of the position and orientation of the tool or end effector from the known positions of the machine's joints or axes.
Motion control
Definition and examplesFour-quadrant operation
German: Vierquadrantenbetrieb
In electric drives, four-quadrant operation is the ability of a drive to motor and to brake in both directions of rotation, covering all four combinations of torque and speed sign in the torque–speed plane.
Motion control
Definition and examplesHoming
German: Referenzfahrt
In motion control, homing is the procedure by which an axis with an incremental position measurement moves to a defined reference position, for example a home switch and encoder index pulse, and sets its position value so that it matches the machine's coordinate system.
Motion control
Definition and examplesInduction motor
IEC 60034-1German: Asynchronmotor
In electric drives, an induction motor is an AC motor in which the rotor current is induced by the rotating stator field, so the rotor turns slightly slower than the field; this speed difference is called slip.
Motion control
Definition and examplesInterpolation (motion control)
German: Interpolation
In motion control and CNC, interpolation is the calculation of intermediate setpoints for several coordinated axes so that the tool or load follows a defined path, such as a line, an arc or a spline, at the programmed speed.
Motion control
Definition and examplesInverse kinematics
German: Inverse Kinematik
In robotics and motion control, inverse kinematics is the calculation of the joint or axis positions that place the tool or end effector at a desired position and orientation. Depending on the kinematics, there may be several solutions, one, or none.
Motion control
Definition and examplesJerk limitation
German: Ruckbegrenzung
In motion control, jerk limitation is the restriction of the rate of change of acceleration in a motion profile, which smooths starts and stops and reduces vibration and mechanical stress.
Motion control
Definition and examplesKeMotion
German: KeMotion
In industrial automation, KeMotion is KEBA's control solution for robots and handling systems, combining robot control software, motion control, programming and operating tools. It is offered to robot and machine builders as a basis for their own robot systems.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesKinematics
German: Kinematik
In robotics and machine design, kinematics is the description of motion without regard to forces: the geometry of a machine's joints and links and the mathematical relation between axis positions and the position and orientation of the tool.
Motion control
Definition and examplesLexium servo systems
German: Lexium Servosysteme
In motion control, Lexium is Schneider Electric's product family of servo drives, servo motors and related motion products for machine automation.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesLinear interpolation
German: Linearinterpolation
In motion control and CNC, linear interpolation is the coordinated movement of two or more axes so that the tool or load travels on a straight line from the start point to the target point at the programmed speed.
Motion control
Definition and examplesLinear motor
German: Linearmotor
In motion control, a linear motor is an electric motor whose primary part (forcer) and secondary part (magnet track or reaction rail) are laid out flat, so it produces a linear force and motion directly instead of torque and rotation.
Motion control
Definition and examplesMaster axis
German: Leitachse
In motion control, a master axis is the axis whose position or velocity serves as the reference for one or more coupled slave axes. It can be a real axis, an encoder on a line shaft or a virtual axis in the controller.
Motion control
Definition and examplesMicro Motion
German: Micro Motion
In process instrumentation, Micro Motion is an Emerson brand of Coriolis flow and density meters and related measurement products. Despite its appearance in motion lists, it refers to flow measurement, not motion control.
Motion control · Vendor product · Process industry
Definition and examplesMotion control
German: Motion Control
In industrial automation, motion control is the field of controlling the position, velocity, acceleration or torque of machine axes with drives, motors, feedback devices and controllers, usually in closed loop and often coordinated across several axes.
Motion control
Definition and examplesMotion profile
German: Bewegungsprofil
In motion control, a motion profile is the planned course of position, velocity, acceleration and jerk of an axis over time or over a master position, used by the controller to generate setpoints for a move.
Motion control
Definition and examplesMotor protection
IEC 60947-4-1German: Motorschutz
In electrical engineering, motor protection is the set of devices and functions that protect a motor and its supply circuit against overload, short circuit, phase failure and overtemperature, for example motor protection circuit breakers, overload relays, thermistor relays or drive-internal protection.
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examplesMR-J5 servo
German: MR-J5 Servo
In motion control, MR-J5 refers to Mitsubishi Electric's MELSERVO-J5 series of servo amplifiers and servo motors for machine automation.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesNominal torque
German: Nennmoment
In electric drives, nominal torque is the torque a motor can deliver continuously at its rated speed and rated conditions (supply, cooling, ambient temperature) without exceeding its permissible temperature.
Motion control
Definition and examplesPacDrive
German: PacDrive
In motion control, PacDrive is Schneider Electric's controller-based automation and motion system for machines, originally developed by ELAU and used especially in packaging machines, combining logic and motion controllers with servo drives and robotics.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesPermanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
German: Permanentmagnet-Synchronmotor (PMSM)
In electric drives, a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is an AC synchronous motor whose rotor field is produced by permanent magnets, so the rotor turns in step with the stator's rotating field. It is fed by a drive with sinusoidal currents.
Motion control
Definition and examplesPLCopen motion control function blocks
PLCopen Motion ControlGerman: PLCopen Motion-Control-Funktionsbausteine
In IEC 61131-3 programming, PLCopen motion control function blocks are standardized function blocks, such as MC_Power, MC_Home, MC_MoveAbsolute and MC_GearIn, and a defined axis state machine, specified by PLCopen so that motion programs look the same across compliant controllers.
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examplesPosition loop
German: Lageregelkreis
In motion control, the position loop is the outer control loop of a cascaded drive control that compares the commanded position with the measured position and outputs a velocity setpoint to reduce the following error.
Motion control
Definition and examplesPROFIdrive
IEC 61800-7German: PROFIdrive
In industrial communication, PROFIdrive is the drive profile of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International that defines device behavior, standard telegrams, a state machine and parameter access for electric drives on PROFIBUS and PROFINET. It is included in IEC 61800-7 as one of the standardized drive profiles.
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examplesRegenerative drive
German: Rückspeisefähiger Antrieb
In electric drives, a regenerative drive is a drive that can feed energy generated during braking back into the supply network, usually through an active front end or a regenerative supply unit, instead of dissipating it in a braking resistor.
Motion control
Definition and examplesS-curve profile
German: S-Kurven-Profil
In motion control, an S-curve profile is a jerk-limited motion profile in which acceleration rises and falls gradually, so the velocity curve over time has an S shape at the start and end of each ramp.
Motion control
Definition and examplesSafe Direction (SDI)
IEC 61800-5-2German: Sichere Bewegungsrichtung (SDI)
In IEC 61800-5-2, Safe Direction (SDI) is a drive-integrated safety function that prevents the motor shaft from moving more than a defined amount in the unintended direction and initiates a defined reaction if it does.
Motion control · Functional safety · Standards
Definition and examplesSafe Stop 2 (SS2)
IEC 61800-5-2German: Sicherer Stopp 2 (SS2)
In IEC 61800-5-2, Safe Stop 2 (SS2) is a drive-integrated safety function that initiates and monitors the deceleration of the motor and, once the motor has stopped, activates Safe Operating Stop (SOS), keeping the drive energized to hold the position.
Motion control · Functional safety · Standards
Definition and examplesServo drive
German: Servoregler
In motion control, a servo drive is a drive that powers a servo motor and closes the current, velocity and often position loops using motor feedback, so the axis follows commanded positions, speeds or torques precisely and dynamically.
Motion control
Definition and examplesServo Drives 9400
German: Servo Drives 9400
In motion control, Servo Drives 9400 is a servo drive series from Lenze for machine automation, offered in single-axis and multi-axis variants with different communication and safety options.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesServo motor
German: Servomotor
In motion control, a servo motor is a motor designed for closed-loop position, velocity or torque control, typically a permanent-magnet synchronous motor with an integrated encoder, low inertia and high overload capacity, operated by a servo drive.
Motion control
Definition and examplesServo pneumatics
German: Servopneumatik
In fluid power, servo pneumatics is closed-loop control of pneumatic actuators using proportional valves, position or pressure sensors and a controller, so that a cylinder can stop at any position or apply a controlled force instead of only moving between end positions.
Motion control
Definition and examplesServo terminals EL72xx
German: Servoklemmen EL72xx
In motion control, the EL72xx series are Beckhoff EtherCAT terminals that work as compact servo drives for small servo motors, mounted directly in the I/O terminal system.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesSigma-7 servo systems
German: Sigma-7 Servosysteme
In motion control, Sigma-7 is a Yaskawa series of servo drives (called servopacks by Yaskawa) and servo motors for machine automation.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesSlave axis
German: Folgeachse
In motion control, a slave axis is an axis whose motion is derived from a master axis through a coupling such as electronic gearing or an electronic cam, rather than from its own independent motion commands.
Motion control
Definition and examplesStepper motor
German: Schrittmotor
In motion control, a stepper motor is a motor that rotates in discrete angular steps when its windings are energized in sequence by a driver, so position can be controlled by counting steps without feedback.
Motion control
Definition and examplesSynchronous axis
German: Synchronachse
In motion control, a synchronous axis is an axis that runs in a fixed positional or velocity relationship to a master axis or to other axes, maintained continuously by the controller.
Motion control
Definition and examplesSynchronous motor
IEC 60034-1German: Synchronmotor
In electric drives, a synchronous motor is an AC motor whose rotor turns at exactly the speed of the rotating stator field, because the rotor field is produced by permanent magnets, DC excitation or magnetic reluctance.
Motion control
Definition and examplesTorque
German: Drehmoment
In mechanics and drive engineering, torque is the rotational effect of a force about an axis, equal to force times lever arm, measured in newton meters (N·m). Motor power equals torque times angular velocity.
Motion control
Definition and examplesTorque motor
German: Torquemotor
In motion control, a torque motor is a permanent-magnet synchronous motor with a large diameter and many poles, designed to deliver high torque at low speed so that it can drive a load directly without a gearbox.
Motion control
Definition and examplesTrapezoidal profile
German: Trapezprofil
In motion control, a trapezoidal profile is a motion profile with constant acceleration, constant velocity and constant deceleration phases, so the velocity curve over time forms a trapezoid, or a triangle for short moves.
Motion control
Definition and examplesVariable-frequency drive (VFD)
IEC 61800-2German: Frequenzumrichter
In industrial automation, a variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a power electronic device that converts the fixed-frequency supply into an output of variable frequency and voltage to control the speed and torque of an AC motor.
Motion control
Definition and examplesVelocity loop
German: Drehzahlregelkreis
In drive control, the velocity loop is the middle loop of a cascaded drive control that compares commanded and measured speed and outputs a current (torque) setpoint to the current loop.
Motion control
Definition and examplesVTEM motion terminal
German: VTEM Motion Terminal
In fluid power, the VTEM motion terminal is a Festo valve terminal with piezo-based proportional valve technology, integrated sensors and electronics, whose pneumatic functions are selected and parameterized by software apps instead of by exchanging valves.
Motion control · Vendor product
Definition and examplesMotion control IC
German: Motion-Control-IC
In motion control, a motion control IC is an integrated circuit that combines motion profile generation (a ramp generator), current or torque control of the motor windings, evaluation of sensors such as encoders and reference switches, and protection functions against overcurrent, undervoltage, short circuit and overtemperature, forming the link between a microcontroller and the motor.
Motion control
Definition and examplesFull step
German: Vollschritt
In stepper motor control, a full step is the smallest rotor movement the motor makes when the driver switches the winding currents from one of its basic energizing states to the next; its size is the motor's step angle, for example 1.8° or 200 full steps per revolution.
Motion control
Definition and examplesStep angle
German: Schrittwinkel
In stepper motor technology, the step angle is the rotation of the motor shaft per full step, determined by the motor's construction; typical hybrid stepper motors have 1.8° (200 steps per revolution) or 0.9° (400 steps per revolution).
Motion control
Definition and examplesMicrostepping
German: Mikroschrittbetrieb
In stepper motor control, microstepping is the operating mode in which the driver sets the currents in the motor phases to intermediate values, typically along a sine and cosine curve, so that each full step is divided into smaller microsteps, up to 256 microsteps per full step in current motion control ICs.
Motion control
Definition and examplesHolding torque
German: Haltemoment
In stepper motor technology, holding torque is the maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft of an energized motor at standstill, with rated current in the windings, before the rotor is forced out of its position.
Motion control
Definition and examplesStep loss
German: Schrittverlust
In stepper motor control, step loss is the condition in which the rotor fails to follow the steps commanded by the driver, for example due to overload, excessive acceleration or resonance, so that the actual position deviates from the position counted by the controller.
Motion control
Definition and examplesChopper mode
German: Chopper-Modus
In stepper motor drivers, a chopper mode is the method by which the driver regulates the phase currents with pulse-width modulation, switching the supply voltage on and off at high frequency and choosing how the current decays, so that the winding current follows its target value; modes differ in noise, precision and dynamic behavior.
Motion control
Definition and examplesBack EMF
German: Gegen-EMK
In electric motors, back EMF is the voltage induced in the windings by the motion of the rotor's magnetic field, which opposes the supply voltage and rises with speed; drives use it to estimate speed, rotor position or mechanical load without extra sensors.
Motion control
Definition and examplesSensorless load measurement
German: Sensorlose Lastmessung
In motion control, sensorless load measurement is the estimation of a motor's mechanical load from electrical quantities the driver already measures, such as the back EMF or the phase current behavior, without a torque sensor or encoder; it is the basis for stall detection and load-adaptive current control.
Motion control
Definition and examplesStall detection
German: Blockiererkennung
In motion control, stall detection is a driver function that recognizes when a motor is blocked or overloaded to the point of losing steps, typically without sensors by evaluating the back EMF or current behavior, and signals this to the controller so that it can stop the axis or rehome it.
Motion control
Definition and examplesLoad-adaptive current control
German: Automatische Stromregelung
In stepper motor control, load-adaptive current control is a driver function that adjusts the motor current automatically to the measured load, lowering it when little torque is needed and raising it when the load increases, so that the motor runs cooler and uses less energy while keeping a torque reserve.
Motion control
Definition and examples- Working term
Dynamic speed adaptation
German: Dynamische Geschwindigkeitsanpassung
In stepper motor control, dynamic speed adaptation is a driver function that lowers the motor speed automatically when the load exceeds the available torque, instead of losing steps or stalling, and returns to the commanded speed when the load decreases.
Motion control
Definition and examples Step/direction interface
German: Step/Dir-Schnittstelle
In motion control, a step/direction interface is a command interface of a motor driver with two digital inputs: each pulse on the step input moves the motor by one step or microstep, and the level on the direction input sets the direction of rotation.
Motion control
Definition and examplesReference switch
German: Referenzschalter
In motion control, a reference switch is a switch or sensor at a defined position of an axis whose signal the controller uses during homing to establish the axis's reference position, often combined with the index pulse of an encoder for higher repeatability.
Motion control
Definition and examplesQuadrature signals
German: A/B-Spursignale
In motion control, quadrature signals are the two square-wave signals A and B of an incremental encoder, phase-shifted by 90 electrical degrees, from which the controller derives position by counting edges and the direction of motion from which signal leads.
Motion control
Definition and examplesIndex pulse
German: Nullimpuls
In motion control, the index pulse is a signal that an incremental encoder outputs once per revolution (or at defined reference marks on a linear scale), used during homing to set the reference position with the repeatability of the encoder rather than of a switch.
Motion control
Definition and examplesFollowing error
German: Schleppfehler
In motion control, following error is the difference between the commanded position of an axis and its actual position measured by the feedback device during motion; drives monitor it against a limit and signal a fault when the axis can no longer follow the command.
Motion control
Definition and examplesPulse-width modulation (PWM)
German: Pulsweitenmodulation (PWM)
In power electronics, pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a method of controlling the average voltage or current delivered to a load by switching it fully on and off at a fixed frequency and varying the ratio of on-time to period, the duty cycle.
Motion control
Definition and examplesH-bridge
German: H-Brücke
In power electronics, an H-bridge is a circuit of four switches, usually MOSFETs, arranged around a load so that the voltage across it can be applied in either polarity; drivers use one H-bridge per motor phase to reverse and regulate the winding current.
Motion control
Definition and examplesOvercurrent protection
German: Überstromschutz
In motor drivers and motion control ICs, overcurrent protection is a built-in function that detects currents above a set threshold, for example from a short circuit in the motor cable or to ground, and switches off the power stage to protect the electronics.
Motion control
Definition and examplesUndervoltage lockout (UVLO)
German: Unterspannungsabschaltung
In power electronics, undervoltage lockout (UVLO) is a built-in function of a driver or IC that keeps the power stage switched off while the supply voltage is below a defined threshold, and switches it off when the voltage falls below it, so that the circuit doesn't operate in an undefined state.
Motion control
Definition and examplesThermal shutdown
German: Übertemperaturabschaltung
In power electronics, thermal shutdown is a built-in function of a driver or IC that switches off the power stage when its junction temperature exceeds a threshold, often after an earlier overtemperature warning, and allows restart only after it has cooled down.
Motion control
Definition and examplesAbsolute maximum ratings
German: Absolute Grenzwerte
In datasheets of electronic components, absolute maximum ratings are the limit values of voltage, current, temperature and similar quantities that must not be exceeded even briefly, because the device may be damaged; they are stress limits, not operating conditions, and functional operation is specified only within the recommended operating conditions.
Motion control · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesEvaluation kit
German: Evaluierungskit
In electronics development, an evaluation kit is a set of boards, software and documentation that lets engineers test and characterize a component such as a motion control IC before designing their own hardware; it is intended for laboratory evaluation, not for use in machines or end products.
Motion control · Technical documentation
Definition and examplesCiA 402 drive profile
CiA 402 / IEC 61800-7-201German: CiA-402-Antriebsprofil
In motion control, the CiA 402 drive profile is the CANopen device profile for drives and motion control, published by CAN in Automation and as IEC 61800-7-201, which defines a common state machine, modes of operation and object dictionary entries for servo drives, stepper drives and frequency converters; it is also used over EtherCAT as CANopen over EtherCAT (CoE).
Motion control · Standards
Definition and examplesClosed-loop stepper
German: Closed-Loop-Schrittmotor
In motion control, a closed-loop stepper is a stepper motor operated with position feedback, usually from an encoder, so that the driver detects and corrects deviations such as lost steps and can adapt the current to the load, combining stepper construction with servo-like monitoring.
Motion control
Definition and examplesStepper motor resonance
German: Resonanz beim Schrittmotor
In stepper motor technology, resonance is the oscillation of the rotor and load around their step positions at certain step rates, which causes vibration, noise and torque loss up to step loss; low-speed resonance occurs near the motor's natural frequency, mid-band resonance at medium speeds as an instability of the drive system.
Motion control
Definition and examples
Definitions follow the cited standards and specifications. Where a source is a copyrighted publication, such as an ISO, IEC or EN standard, the definition is a close paraphrase, not a verbatim quotation, so as not to infringe copyright. We recommend reading the original publication. The sections “How it applies” are editorial commentary by AI TechDoc Blog and are not part of any standard.